īrigo F, Igwe SC, Nardone R (2014) Transient global amnesia and the forgotten EEG pattern. Rathore C, Prakash S, Rana K, Makwana P (2021) Prevalence of benign epileptiform variants from an EEG laboratory in India and frequency of their misinterpretation. Szabo K, Hoyer C, Caplan LR et al (2020) Diffusion-weighted MRI in transient global amnesia and its diagnostic implications. Williamson J, Larner AJ (2015) Transient global amnesia. Basic principles, clinical applications, and related fields, 7th ed, New York: Oxford University Press, pp 319–330.Īzman Iste F, Tezer Filik FI, Saygi S (2020) SREDA: A rare but confusing benign EEG variant. In: Schomer DL, Lopes da Silva FH (eds) Niedermeyer’s electroencephalography. (09)70344-8Įdwards JC, Kutluay E (2018) Patterns of unclear significance. Accessed 5 February 2022īartsch T, Deuschl G (2010) Transient global amnesia: functional anatomy and clinical implications. In: Mendez MF, Edlow JA, Tung GA, Wilterdink JL, eds. Mahler ME (2022) Transient global amnesia. Īlessandro L, Ricciardi M, Chaves H, Allegri RF (2020) Acute amnestic syndromes. There may be atypical variants (e.g., frontal SREDA), but there is no posterior slowing nor abolition of the background alpha rhythm. Its pathophysiology is unknown and it has been suggested that could be related to hypoxia in bordering parietooccipital-temporoparietal areas. It can evolve, resembling epileptic seizures, being a diagnostic challenge. Among them, SREDA is a very infrequent (prevalence of 0.04–0.07%) and enigmatic variant, composed of a delta-theta rhythm at 2–6 Hz (usually theta at 5–6 Hz), with spiky morphology, generalized distribution (maximum in posterior regions), which usually appears among older adults (mean age of 52 years), while awake or in light sleep (stage 1 of NREM sleep) and during hyperventilation, lasting 40–80 s, with a sudden onset and end. They are found in about 12% of the EEGs performed, being misinterpreted as epileptiform discharges in up to 30% of patients by the general neurologist. The proposed diagnostic criteria to make the diagnosis of TEA are the following: history of recurrent witnessed episodes of transient amnesia cognitive functions other than memory judged to be intact during typical episodes evidence of the diagnosis of epilepsy (EEG, effectivness of antiepileptic drugs).Normal EEG variants of uncertain significance represent rhythms or waves that mimic interictal and ictal disturbances. Various terms have been used to describe these attacks including transient epileptic amnesia (TEA). Several authors have proposed that episodes of transient amnesia can be a manifestation, sometimes the sole manifestation, of epilepsy. Transient epileptic amnesia (TEA) is a recently individualized, late-onset, pharmaco-sensitive form of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with recurrent episodes of acute memory loss, but also interictal memory disturbances characterized by autobiographical and topographical memory impairment and a long-term consolidation deficit. Antiepileptic treatment with carbamazepine was started. 8-11 Others include arterial ischemia, 12 migraine-, 5,13,14 and epilepsy-related. The leading hypothesis on the pathogenesis of TGA is abnormal venous drainage of the temporal lobes caused by increased intrathoracic pressure resulting in jugular hypertension. The diagnosis of epilepsy was made: the patient suffered from transient epileptic amnesia (TEA) accompanied by complex partial seizures. Transient global amnesia (TGA) is characterized by the sudden onset of anterograde amnesia, generally lasting up to 24 hours. During a videotelemetric EEG study four complex partial seizures were registered. MRI scan of the head, SPECT scan, routine EEG recording and Mini Mental State Examination showed no pathology. Both of these complaints dated back to about 2 years. In addition, the patient’s husband described frequent episodes lasting seconds, where the patient stared at a vacant point and her speech was disturbed. The attacks appeared about once a month and lasted from a few minutes to a few hours. We report a case of a 62-year-old woman who complained of „memory gaps”.
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